causes of, 2.3.4

diagnosis of, 2.3.6

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 5.4.1.3

explanation of, Glossary

See also NSAIDs

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8 , 3.2

dosing data for, Table 9 , Table 11

recommendations for use of, 3.0 , 3.1

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

used for elderly patients, 7.2

used for neonates and infants, 7.1.3.3

used with opioid analgesics, 3.2 , 3.3.2

delirium and, 7.3.4

overview of, 7.6

pain management in patients with, 7.0 , 7.6

advantages and disadvantages of, 7.6

advantages and disadvantages of, 7.6

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.2.3.2 , Glossary

recommendations regarding, 4.0 , 4.2 , 4.2.3.2

scientific evidence for, A1

See also Substance abusing patients as defined in Controlled Sub stances Act

explanation of, Glossary

fear of, 7.5 , 7.6

tolerance for opioids vs., 3.0 , 3.3.1 , 7.4

See also Analgesics; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressants; Bisphosph onates;

Calcitonin; Corticosteroids; Hydroxyzine; Neuroleptic agents; Placebos

to counteract side effects of opioids, 3.3.2

description of, 3.4 , 3.4.3

dosing data for, Table 14

explanation of, 3.4 , Glossary

NSAIDs used with, 3.2 , 3.3.2

recommendations for use of, 3.0

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

used for children, 7.1.3 , 7.1.3.2

See also Children

pain in, 7.1

patient-controlled analgesia for, 7.1.3.2

See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

drug interactions and, 3.6

treatment with intraspinal, 5.3.1

analgesic effects of, 3.4.3 , Table 14

dosing data for, Table 14

See also Adjuvant analgesics; Drug therapy; Opioids

administration methods for, 3.0 , Table 13 , 7.1.4

See also specific methods

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

for postsurgical pain, 2.3.4

principles of use of, 8.0

for spinal cord compression pain, 2.3.2

used for children, 7.1.3 , 7.1.3.2

used for neonates and infants, 7.1.3.3

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 3.4.2

dosing data for, Table 14

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

dosing data for, Table 14

use of, 3.4.3 , 7.3. 1

used for children, 7.1.3.2

used for elderly patients, 7.2

B

long-term use of, Table 15

for procedural pain, Table 21

of children, 7.1.2.2

recommendations regarding, 7.0 , 7.1.2.2

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

explanation of, Glossary

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

in children, 7.1

procedural pain from, 6.4

diagnosis of, 2.3.1 , 5.2.1

epidural metastases as complication of, 2.3.2

management of pain due to, 3.4.6

radiation therapy for, 5.2.1 , 5.2.1.2

recommendations regarding, 5.0

to skull, 5.3.1

description of, 3.3

risks related to, Table 15

use of, 3.3.3.4

C

in minority patients, 7.5

prevalence of and mortality from, Foreword, Abstract, 1 .1

psychiatric problems associated with, 7.3 , 7.3.4

description of, 3.4.2

dosing data for, Table 14

monitoring of patients receiving, 3.4.2

anticonvulsants in patients undergoing, 3.4.2

depression and, 7.3.1

description of, 3.5

mucositis in patients undergoing, 2.3.7

to treat Kaposis sarcoma, 7.6

See also Adolescents; Infants; Neonates

assessment of pain management strategies for, 7. 1.5

drug monitoring in, 7.1.3.2

drug side effects in, 7.1.3.2

epidural analgesia for, 7.1.3.4

HIV infection in, 7.6

nonpharmacologic methods of pain management in, 7.1.4 , 7.1.5

opioid dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

See also Opioids,

pain assessment in, 7.1.1 , 7.1.2.2

pain in, 7.1

pharmacologic methods of pain management in, 7 .1.3.2 , 7.1.3.4

procedural pain management in, Chapter 6

recommendations regarding assessment and treatment of, 7.0

scientific evidence for pain reduction in, A2

dosing data for, Table 9

use of, 3.2

methods used to develop, 1.6

organization of, Abstract , Executive Summ ary, S1.7

purpose and goals of, Foreword, Executive Summary

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

use of, 3.1

used for children, 7.1.3.2

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

drug therapy and, 3.6

patient screening for, 5.0 , 5.3.1

explanation of, Glossary

scientific evidence for, A1

explanation of, Glossary

management of, 6.0 , 6.3

due to opioid use, 3.0 , 3.3.4.1 , Table 13

management of, 3.3.4.1

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

depression and, 7.3.1

description of, 3.4.1

dosing data for, Table 14

for spinal cord compression pain, 2.3.2

description of, 4.2.3 , 4.2.3.2

explanation of, Glossary

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

See Cutaneous stimulation

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.2.1 , 4.2.3.2

recommendations regarding, 4.0 , 4.2.1

scientific evidence for, A1

used for children, 7.1.4

D

effect on pain treatment of, 7.3.4

in elderly patients, 7.2 , 7.3.4

prevalence of, 7.3

as side effect of drugs, 7.3

delirium vs., 7.3.4

in elderly patients, 7.2

See Meperidine

See Physical dependence

See also Antidepressants

in HIV patients, 7.6

management of, 7.3.1

prevalence of, 1.3 , 7.3

risk factors for, 7.3.1 , 7.3.2

suicide risk due to, 7.3.2

dosing data for, Table 14 , 7.1.3.2

use of, 3.3.4.2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

See Hydromorphone

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.2 , Glossary

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

use of, 2.2

used for children, 7.1.3.4

See Methadone

See also Adjuvant analgesics; Analgesics; NSAIDs; Opioids; Pain B management; specific drugs

administration methods for, 3.0 , Table 8 , 3.3.3 , A1 , A2

discharge planning and, 3.8

influence of concurrent medical conditions on, 3.6

Medicare reimbursement policies regarding inpatient vs. outpatient, 1.5.2

not recommended for cancer pain treatment, 3.8 , Table 15

overview of, Executive Summary , S3.0

pain assessment following, 2.2

patient-controlled, 3.3.3.8 , 7.1.3.2

patient education regarding, Table 16

for procedural pain, 6.1 , 6.2 , Table 21

recommendations regarding, 3.0

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

to treat cancer, 3.5

WHO approach to, 1.4 , 3 .1

E

See Family education; Patient education

See Family education; Patient education

drug monitoring in, 3.2 , Table 21

drug side effects in, 7.2 , 7.3.4

pain assessment for, 7.0 , 7.2

pain management in, 7.2

patient-controlled analgesia used by, 7.2

prevalence of pain in, 7.2

recommendations regarding, 7.0

rectal opioids in, 3.3.3.2

renal dysfunction in, 3.2 , 3.6

explanation of, Glossary

opioid administration through, Table 13 , 7.1.3.4

description of, 4.2.2

recommendations regarding, 4.0 , 4.1 , 4.2

for relaxation, Chapter 1 , Ch apter 2 , Chapter 3 , Chapter 4

scientific evidence for, A1

F

of children with HIV, 7.6

pain reduction due to presence of, 7.1.4 , < a href="LA2.html"> A2

role in pain assessment and control, 1.3

substance abuse within, 7.6

regarding pain and pain management, 1.5

sources of printed information for, Table 17

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 3.3

intraspinal, 3.3.3.6

for procedural pain, Table 21

transdermal, Table 8 , 3 .3.2 , 7.1.3.2

See also Transdermal opioids,

use of, 3.1 , Table 10

used for children, 7.1.3.2

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.2

G

H

See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

use of, 3.1

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

administration methods for, 3.3.3.2 , 3.3.3.6

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

use of, 3.1 , Table 10

used for children, 7.1.3.2

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

to control nausea and vomiting, 3.3.4.3

description of, 3.4.5

dosing data for, Table 14

as complication of bone metastases, 2.3.1

management of, 3.4.6

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.5 , Glossary

for procedural pain, 6.3

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

opioid antagonists to reverse, Table 13

as side effect of methotrimeprazine, 3.4.4

I

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.1 , Glossary

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

used for children, 7.1.4

description of, 4.2.2

recommendations regarding, 4.0

scientific evidence for, A1

See also Intraspinal administration

See Movement-related pain

See also Children; Neonates

analgesics use for, 7.1.3.3

epidural analgesia for, 7.1.3.4

pain in, 7.1

recommendations regarding assessment and treatment of, 7.0

use of pain medication for, 6.1

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 12 , 5.4.2

dose range for, 3.3.3.6

indications for, 3.3.3.6

long-term, 3.3.3.6

used for elderly patients, 7.2

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8 , 3.3.3 , 3.3. 3.5 , Table 13

patient-controlled, 3.3.3.8

for procedural pain, Table 21

used for children, 7.1.3.2

See also Neurosurgery; Radiation therapy; specific techniques; S urgery

overview of, 5.1

recommendations regarding, 5.0 , 5.1

scientific evidence for, A1

K

L

See also specific legislation; State legislation

See Levorphanol

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11 , 3.3.4.4

side effects of, 7.3.4

use of, Table 8

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

dosing data for, Table 14

used for elderly patients, 7.2

used for nerve block, 5.3.1

in children, 7.1

procedural pain from, 6.4

M

description of, 4.2.1

scientific evidence for, A1

See Drug therapy

cautions for use of, 3.3 , Table 15 , 6.2 , 7.3.1 < /a>

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

hepatic or renal dysfunction and, 3.6

for procedural pain, Table 21

side effects of, 7.3.4

use of, 3.0 , 3.3

used for children, 7.1.3.2

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11 , 3.3.4.4

hepatic or renal dysfunction and, 3.6

maintenance programs using, 7.4

side effects of, 3.3.4.5 , 7.3.4

use of, Table 8 , 7.4

used for children, 7.1.3.2

used for elderly patients, 7.2

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

ng data for, Table 14 , 7.1.3 .2

use of, 3.3.4.2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

See also Opioids

cautions for use of, 3.3

description of, Table 9 , 3.3 , Glossary

recommendation for use of, 3.0

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 3.6 , 7.3.1

administration methods for, 3.3.3

for conscious sedation, 6.3

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, 3.3.2 , Table 10 , Table 11 , 7 .1.3.3

intraspinal, 3.3.3.6

intraventricular, 3.3.3.7

methotrimeprazine used with, 3.4.4

for procedural pain, Table 21

side effects of, 3.3.2 , 3.3.4.5 , 7.3.4

use of, 3.1 , 7.4

used for infants and children, 7.1.3.2 , < a href="LS7.1.3.3.html"> 7.1.3.3 , 7.1.3.4

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1

assessment of, 2.3.7

diagnosis of, 2.3.7

drug administration during, 3.3.3.1

explanation of, Glossary

N

description of, 3.3

risks related to, Table 15

in children, 7.1.3.2

effects of, Table 13

recommendations for use of, 3.0 , 3.3.4.4 , Table 15

to reverse hypoventilation, 6.3

See also Children; Infants

analgesics used for, 7.1.3.3

pain in, 7.1

use of pain medication for, 6.2

See also Neurolytic blocks

for abdominal pain, 2.3.6

complications from, 5.3.1

description of, 5.3.1 , Glossary

for postsurgical pain, 2.3.4

purpose of, 5.3.1

See also Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 5.4.3

scientific evidence for, A1

description of, 3.4.4

dosing data for, Table 14

See also nerve blocks

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

celiac, 5.3.1

description of, 5.3.1 , Glossary

indications for, 5.3.1

recommendations regarding, 5.0 , 5.3.1

scientific evidence for, A1

diagnosis of, 2.3.4

evaluation for, 2.1

explanation of, Glossary

management of, Table 14

See also surgery

to implant drug infusion systems, 5.4.2

neuroablation, 5.4.1

neuroaugmentation, 5.4.3

for pain relief, 5.4

scientific evidence for, A1

explanation of, Glossary

functioning of, 1.4

See also Acetaminophen; specific drugs

administration methods for, 3.2

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8 , 3.2

cost of, 1.5.2

description of, 3.2 , Glos sary

dosing data for, Table 9 , 3.2

preparations combining opioids with, Table 10 ,

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

use of, 3.0 , 3.2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

used for elderly patients, 7.2

used with opioids and adjuvant analgesics, 3.2 , 3.3.2

See Oxymorphone

O

explanation of, Glossary

NSAIDs and, 3.2

description of, 3.3 , Glos sary

recommendations for use of, 3.0 , Table 15

See also Drug therapy

action of endogenous, 1.4

adjuvant drugs used with, 3.3.2

administration methods for, 3.0 , Table 8 , 3.3.3 , T able 13

See also specific methods

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

cautions regarding use of, Table 13

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, 3.3.2 , 7.1.3.2

fear regarding use of, 1.5

following neurolysis, 5.0

full, 3.3

hypersensitivity to, Table 13

legal regulation of, 1.5.1

long-term use of, 3.0

minority patients and, 7.5

mixed agonist-antagonist, 3.3

NSAIDs used with, 3.2 , 3.3.2

partial agonist, 3.3 A

for procedural pain, 6.2

recommendations for use of, 3.0 , 3.1

renal insufficiency and, 3.6

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

side effects of, 3.0 , 3.3.1 , 3.3.4 , 7.1.3 .2

substance abuse and, 7.4

tolerance and physical dependence on, 3.0 , 3.3.1 , 7.4

used for children, 7.1.3.2

used for elderly patients, 7.2

used for neonates and infants, 7.1.3.3

withdrawal symptoms from, 3.3.1 , 5.3.1

pain assessment for, 2.2

substance abuse by, 7.4

description of, 3.3

dosing data for, Table 10 , Table 11

used for children, 7.1.3.2

P

as cancer patient problem,

discussion of, 1.1 , 1.4

explanation of, Glossary

movement-related, Glossary

perception of, 1.4 , 7.2

procedure-related, 6.1

quality of life issues related to, 1.3

See also Quality of life

social, spiritual, and physical effects of, 1.3

for children, 7.1.1

of common cancer pain syndromes, 2.3

See also specific syndromes

for elderly patients, 7.2

initial, 2.1

of new pain, 2.4

ongoing, 2.2

recommendations regarding, 2.0 , 7.0 , 7.2

role of family in, 1.3

for adults, 2.1 , 7.2 , B1 , B2 , B3 , B4

for children, 7.1.2 , B5 , B6 , B7 , B8 , B9

for elderly patients, 7.2

for non-English speaking patients, 2.2

use of, 2.1

application of, 2.1 , 2. 2

See also Drug therapy; Invasive therapies

advantages and disadvantages of various forms of, Table 8

barriers to, 1.5

in children; See Children

in cognitively impaired patients, 7.2

cost and reimbursement for, 1.5.2

documentation of, 8.0 , B 10 , B11

in elderly; See Elderly patients

flowchart for continuing, 1.4

in minority patients, 7.5

monitoring quality of, 8.0

in neonates and infants, 6.2 , 7.0 , 7.1.3.3

See also Children

nonpharmacologic, Chapter 4

overview of, 1.4

in patients with AIDS, 7.0 , 7.3.4 , 7.6

pharmacologic, Chapter 3

priority associated with, 1.2

for procedural pain, 6.2

role of family in, 1.3

in substance abusing patients, 3.4

illustration of, Figure 5

recommendations for use of, 3.0

requirements for, 3.8 , Table 15

assessment in children of, 7.1.5

cost involved in various, 1.5.2

hierarchy of, 1.4

See also specific pain syndromes

assessment of, 2.3

description of common, 2.3

postsurgical, Table 5 , 5.5.2

professional awareness of, 2.0

See also Chemotherapy; Radiation therapy; Surgery

explanation of, Glossary

radiation, Chapter 5

recommendations regarding, 5.0

on invasive therapies, 5.0

on legislation and regulatory policies on use of opioids, 1.5.1

overview of, 1.0

on pain assessment, 2.0

on pain in special populations, 7.0

on pain management monitoring, 8.0

on pharmacologic management, 3.0

on physical modalities, 4.0

on procedural pain, 6.0

See Families

description of, 3.3.3.8 , Glossary

recommendations regarding, Table 13

substance abuse and, 7.4

used by children, 7.1.3.2

used by elderly patients, 7.2

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

goals and benefits of, 4.3.3

regarding pain and pain management, 1.5

scientific evidence for, A1

sources of printed information for, Table 17

See also Children; Infants

drug therapy and concurrent medical conditions in, 3.6

extent of pain in, 1.1

financial resources of, 1.5.2

loss of control in, 1.3

minority, 7.5

in outpatient settings, 2.2 , 7.4

pain assessment in non-English-speaking, 2.2

pain management plans for discharged, 3.0 , 3.8 , Table 15

pain management problems for, 1.5 , Table 2

as primary pain assessment source, 2.1

substance-abusing, 7.0 , 7.4

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.6

methods to locate, Table 18

recommendations regarding, 4.0

description of, 3.3

hepatic or renal dysfunction and, 3.6

risks related to, Table 15

See also Intraspinal administration

use of, Table 12 , 5.3. 2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

See also Intraspinal administration

See Drug therapy

to counteract side effects of opioids, 3.3.2

description of, 3.4.4

description of, 3.4.2 , 7.6

dosing data for, Table 14

drug interactions and, 3.6

monitoring of patients receiving, 3.4.2

See also Substance abusing patients

explanation of, Glossary

on opioids, 3.3.1 , 7. 4

explanation of, 4.2 , Glos sary

forms of, 4.2

recommendations regarding, 4.0

scientific evidence for, A1

knowledge regarding, 1.4

recommendations for use of, 3.0 , 3.4.7

response from, 3.4.7

description of, 5.2.2

diagnosis of, 2.3.3

B

description of, 4.3 , Glos sary

forms of, 4.3

recommendations regarding, 4.0 , 4.3

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.4

scientific evidence for, A1

Q

R

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

for bone metastases, 5.2.1

cryotherapy following, 4.2.1

indications for palliative, 5.0

mucositis in patients receiving, 2.3.7

as palliative treatment, 5.2 , 5.2.3

for plexopathy, 5.2.2

recommendations regarding, 5.0

scientific evidence for, A1

for bone metastases, 5.0 , 5.2.1.3

scientific evidence for, A1

See also Opioids

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

use of, 3.3.3.2 , Table 13

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.2

scientific evidence for, A1

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.3.1 , Glossary

exercises for, E1 , E2 , E3 , E4

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

use of, 2.2

caused by sedation, 6.3

in children, 7.1.3.2

drug therapy for reversal of opioid-induced, 3.0 < /a>, 3.3.4.4 , Table 13

in elderly patients, 7.2

management of, 3.3.4.4

in neonates and infants, 7.1.3.3

opioid plus benzodiazepine therapy causing, Table 21

S

use of, 3.2

used for children, 7.1.3.2

for pain reduction in adults, A1

for pain reduction in children, A2

conscious, 6.0 , 6.3 , Glossary

deep, 6.3

in elderly patients, 7.2

management of, 3.3.4.2 , 3.3.4.4

in neonates and infants, 7.1.3.3

for procedural pain, 6.0 , 6.1 , 6.3

subacute overdose leading to, 3.3.4.4

See also Pain assessment instruments

for adults, 2.1 , B1 , B2 , B3 , B 4 , B10 , B11

for children, 7.1.2 , B5 , B6 , B7 , B8 , B9

Self-statement Glossary

Sexual function, 3.3.4.5

Sleep disturbances, 3.3.4.5 , 3.4.3

Sodium salicylate

dosing data for, Table 9

use of, 3.2

Spinal cord compression

diagnosis of, 2.3.2

evaluation for, 2.1 , 2. 3

management of, 3.4.1 , 5.2.1

Spinal tractotomy, 5.4.1.3

State legislation, 1.5.1

See also Legislation

Strontium-89, 5.2.1.3

Structured support

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

scientific evidence for, A1

Subcutaneous implanted injection port, Table 12

See also Intraspinal administration

Subcutaneous infusion

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8 , 3.3.3 , 3.3.3.5 , Table 13

patient-controlled, 3.3.3.8

Subcutaneous reservoir, Table 12

See also Intraspinal administration

Substance abusing patients

distinctions among, 7.4

overview of, 7.4

pain management in, 7.4

recommendations regarding, 7.0 , 7.4

Sufentanil; intraspinal, 3.3.3.6

Suffering, 1.3 , Glossary

Suicide, 7.3.2 , 7.6

Surgery

See also Neurosurgery

ablative, Table 8 , 5.4 , Glossary

drug pharmacokinetics following, 3.6

pain as consequence of, 5.5.2 , A1

pain syndromes following, 2.3.4

principles of, 5.5

scientific evidence for, A1

---

T

Taxol, 2.3.4

Teletherapy, 5.0

TENS, Glossary

See Cutaneous stimulation

Thiopental, 6.2

Thought stopping, 6.4

Tocainide, Table 14 , 3.4.2

Tolerance

explanation of, Glossary

for opioids, 3.3.1 , 3.3.4 , 7.4

Toradol (ketorolac tromethamine), Table 9

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

See also Neuroaugmentation

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

description of, 4.2.3.1

recommendations regarding, 4.2.1 , 4.2.3

scientific evidence for, A1 , A2

used for children, 7.1.4

Transdermal opioids

See also Opioids

advantages and disadvantages of, Table 8

for procedural pain, Table 21

use of, 3.3.2 , 3. 3.3.3 , Table 13

used for children, 7.1.3.2

Trazodone, Table 14

Trilisate

See Choline magnesium trisalicylate

Tylenol with codeine, Table 10 , Table 11 , 3.3.2

---

U

Uniform Controlled Substances Act (1990 revision), 1 .5.1

United Ostomy Association, 4.3.6

Urinary retention, 3.3.4.5

---

V

Valproate, 3.4.2

Varicella-zoster virus infection, 2.3.5

Venipunctures, 7.1

Vincristine, 2.3.4 , 7.6 < /a>

Vomiting, 3.3.4.3

---

W

Withdrawal symptoms, 3.3.1 , 5.3.1

Word-Graphic Rating Scale, B8

World Health Organization (WHO)

analgesic ladder of, 1.4 , Figure 2 , 3.1 , 7.1.3. 2

on cancer pain management, 1.1 , 7.5

views on use of opioids, 1.5.1

---

Z

Zalcitabine, 7.6