4.2.3 Counterstimulation
Counterstimulation denotes techniques, such as TENS therapy and acupuncture,
that are believed to activate endogenous pain-modulating pathways by direct
stimulation of peripheral nerves (Sjolund and Eriksson, 1979). The literature
in support of these interventions is inconclusive, although some patients
report that they obtain relief from their use (Avellanosa and West, 1982;
Bauer, 1983).
Physical Modalities
Cutaneous Stimulation
TENS
Acupuncture
Distraction and Reframing
Peer Support Groups
Pastoral Counseling
Nonpharmacologic Methods (Children)
Index