32. Patients should be encouraged to remain active and participate in self-care when possible. (A)
33. Clinicians should reposition patients on a scheduled basis during long-term bedrest and provide active and passive range-of-motion exercises. For a patient in acute pain, exercise should be limited to self-administered range of motion. (C)
34. Prolonged immobilization should be avoided whenever possible to prevent joint contracture, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, and other untoward effects. (B)
35. Patients who choose to have acupuncture for pain management should be encouraged to report new pain problems to their health care team before seeking palliation through acupuncture. (Panel Consensus)
36. Psychosocial interventions should be introduced early in the course of illness as part of a multimodal approach to pain management. They generally should not be used as substitutes for analgesics. (A)
37. Patients should be taught that the prevention of pain by the use of regularly scheduled analgesics is desirable and that it is often unrealistic to rely only on nonpharmacologic means of pain control. Because of the many misconceptions regarding pain and its treatment, education about the ability to control pain effectively and correction of myths about the use of opioids should be included as part of the treatment plan for all patients. (B)
38. Clinicians should offer patients and families means to contact peer support groups. (Panel Consensus)
39. Pastoral care members should participate in health care team meetings that discuss the needs and treatment of patients. They should develop information about community resources that provide the spiritual care and support of patients and their families. (Panel Consensus)
Exercise
Counterstimulation
Psychosocial Interventions
Relaxation and Imagery
Distraction and Reframing
Patient Education
Peer Support Groups
Pastoral Counseling
Index